The environmental problems of
South
Asia
can be tackled majorly through spreading awareness
and then empowering the people such that they can take decisions and
actions beneficial to them as well as the local environment. Where
people are aware and involved in solving their problems, where there
is a sense of participation, where people & government work
together, solutions emerge.
Countries in South Asia are recognising the immensity of the
challenges they are facing and of the vital role that environmental
education can play in helping meet the challenges of sustainable
development. Environment Education and communication are thus of
fundamental importance as they provide the necessary knowledge,
values and skills needed by the general public and decision-makers
to understand the complexities of the environment.
Environment education is not new in the region. Centuries of frugal
and careful tending of the land, on which communities have directly
depended, has resulted in living with harmony with nature. Religious
philosophy has a bearing on the traditional relationship with
environment in the region. In Bhutan, the Buddhist philosophy is
seen as a major reason for environmental protection. In Hinduism,
trees and animals are worshipped and Gods like Hanuman, and Ganesha
are incarnated as animals. In Jainism, killing of any creature, big
or small, is a sin and much emphasis is paid on avoiding wastage of
food, water. Whether it is the sacred groves or worshipping Tulsi at
home, the ancient traditions have been a major cause in environment
protection. But now, traditional practices like using plants for
health care, organic farming, arts and crafts like dyeing clothes in
vegetable dyes or using disposable and degradable earthen glasses
instead of plastic or Styrofoam cups are fast being replaced by
glamorous and environment expensive options.
The
affluent section of our society plays a dominant role in environment
degradation as their lifestyles gobble the limited resources
wastefully. The urban centers are characterized by high consumption
– high waste. The per capita consumption of water, energy and food
in urban centers are many times more compared to rural counterparts.
Unlike the developing countries where treatment and recycling
systems are firmly in place and thus can withstand high consumption,
the South Asian region needs to control its high waste lifestyle.
The value of conserving resource and products needs to be imbibed in
each individual, especially the affluent sections.
Environment protection and improvement is a task of such a magnitude
that no government, or group however influential or knowledgeable,
can undertake it successfully without co-operation of the masses at
large. Efforts are being made through different ways to arouse
peoples’ concern and awareness towards the environment.
Young
children are receptive and curious about the world, making this an
impressionable group to motivate to take action for environment.
They are also our future decision takers and leaders and it is best
to “catch them young”. Most countries in the region have made
efforts to introduce environment education into primary, secondary
and tertiary education with varying success. The approaches include
making environmental studies a separate course or incorporating
environment education into existing curricula.
The
formal education system provides a good framework for reaching a
large segment of the population and can help make future generations
conscious of the importance of environment conservation. However
this assumption may not be true and it depends on the way education
is carried out. Practical approaches that involve students in
solving local environmental problems have more influence, develop
skills and give reinforcements to the ideas that people can make a
difference. Many schools have also set up “Eco” or “nature clubs”,
the members of which take part in different environment awareness
and action activities. There is a definite increase in awareness
among school children about the threats to the environment and many
in their small way are doing activities to preserve environment like
discarding polybags, planting trees, etc.
But
environment education in schools faces a lot of constraints. Schools
have shortage of trained and committed teachers, infrastructure
facilities, other resources, etc. Moreover the overloaded curriculum
constrains schools from incorporating more field-based investigative
type studies. Thus to improve environment education in schools, the
existing curricula needs to be reviewed, along with reviewing
education material available. The teachers need to be trained on
field oriented methods of teaching environment and need to be
motivated. NGO’s and other voluntary organisations need to be
encouraged and supported to undertake environment awareness
programmes.
While
communicating with children is easy and also to an extent effective,
spreading awareness about environment education to other sections of
the society is a bigger challenge. In the industrial sector, though
big industries are aware and more so because they come under the
ambit of law, the small enterprises are the ones that flout
environment regulations, both knowingly and unknowingly. Awareness
creation and providing cleaner and greener alternatives and
technologies to them should be a major task of all industry
associations in the countries.
Environment education and training has still not reached the desired
level in the rural areas, specially the women. Women are critical to
a successful energy conservation sector – they are both the cooks
and through the gathering of fuel, the providers of energy.
Moreover, women can play a crucial role in the planting of trees as
an alternative to going long distances to collect firewood. In
India, local forest established by women have 80% survival rate as
compared to 20 - 30% planted by government. The role of women in
household sanitation and health is no less. More than any
hydrologist or urban planner, it is the women in the developing
world – the drawers, carries and household managers of water – who
understand what water scarcity is and its implications. What is
needed is better opportunities for women to translate their
knowledge and energies into action and better control – over natural
resources such as water and their own lives. Real opportunities for
women in education, family decision, in economic and political life
– can vastly improve management of resources and women’s own
decision about their own fertility. Most environment training
programmes still do not provide learning opportunities for women.
One
good development in environment awareness has been the proactive
role of the influential media. Until a few years ago, reporting on
environment was limited to speeches on Environment day, etc. Today
journalists work closely with environment activist covering not only
local issues but also global ones. Since the reach of mass media is
far greater and much more convincing, it has been effective in
raising awareness on many environment issues and we hope it
continues to do so.
There
is a tendency to focus on formal school education, by both
government and NGOs, rather than addressing groups who can make a
difference in a policy issue. In reality, our environment is managed
by a wide range of individuals in society. It includes managers of
resources like town planners and forest officials, engineers,
bureaucrats, teachers (who disseminate environment information),
journalist ( who influence public opinion), industries, rural
women, farmers, urban housewives, …… The real challenge for South
Asia would be to arouse environment concern and action in all.
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