Introduction

The demand for paper and board in India will certainly continue to grow as the country’s economy develops over the coming  decades.  Per capita consumption is expected to rise from the present 2.5 kg to 4 kg by the year 2000.  This figure is still rather low compared with consumption per capita in many industrialized countries.  Total production of paper and board in India is predicted to rise in the next six years from 2.2 million to 4 million tonnes. 

Like other industries, paper production requires an assured supply of raw materials.  Given the current pressure on forests, the wood-based resources traditionally used will become increasingly scarce and uneconomical.  Their scarcity has already lead to a decline in capacity utilization in the Indian Paper industry.  Paper and board mills are currently running at 60 per cent capacity.  In recent years, 0.86 million tonnes of installed capacity has become redundant for various reasons including energy shortages and increasingly strict pollution control legislation. 

Handmade paper units, on the other hand, are mainly constrained only by limited demand.  In a world where the emphasis is clearly shifting to environment-friendly products and production systems, the large untapped potential of the handmade paper industry cannot be ignored.  For a developing country like India, faced with increasing shortages of natural raw materials, energy sources and capital, the development of this industry offers considerable potential to meet development objectives and respond to demand for both domestic and export products.
 

Potential and characteristics of hand-made paper production 

Handmade paper units are defined essentially by the fact that their operations are carried out manually.  with pure cellulosic (or raw) materials to be pulped, mechanical rather  than chemical pulping methods would be used.  In fact, the existing handmade paper industry relies wholly on secondary resources.  There is no theoretical limit to the size of handmade paper units, though in India they are often limited in practice to a production capacity of 300 tonnes per year. 

According to the Khadi & Village Industries commission, the combined production of 310 working handmade paper production units in India amounts to some 7000 tonnes per year.  This sector produces goods valued at $2.5 million with a work force of 5300 persons. 

The handmade paper industry uses exclusively non-forest raw materials.  At present, it uses only cellulose-rich materials such as cotton rags, waste paper and waste kraft.  This could easily be extended to the use of biomass materials and agricultural residues, some of which can be grown specifically for handmade paper production.  Non-wood biomass resources have the additional advantage of being amendable to conversion by environment friendly processes.  Some steps have already been initiated in this direction for the utilisation of straws, rice husk and grasses. 

Handmade paper production also offers extensive possibilities for in-plant recycling.  The paper waste emanating from industries incorporating intensive use of paper can very conveniently be recycled for reuse in the parent industry, often saving costs.  Moreover, opportunities exist for interfacing paper recycling systems with a host of industries involved in, for example, packaging, printing, and industrial filter manufacture. 

In its effort to develop effective systems for small-scale paper production, Development Alternatives has analysed the performance of the Indian paper industry on all scales.  This analysis has drawn on industry publications and information concerning technology, trade and production obtained directly from operating units. 

The Indian paper industry can be divided into four categories:

Our analysis indicates that specific consumption of resources is lowest in handmade paper units.  Water consumption per tonne of paper is 150 cubic metres for handmade paper, compared with some 250 cubic metres for paper from large-scale integrated units.  Large-scale integrated units also consume large quantities  of electricity and chemicals, and are polluting,  Small-scale agro-based units are severely polluting, as they are usually unable to afford pollution control equipment. 

Large-scale units consume an average of 2.5 tonnes of forest-based raw materials per tonne of paper; small-scale units consume an average of 3.5 tonnes of raw materials, mostly agro-based, per tonne of paper.  In contrast, a handmade paper unit uses only 1.1 tonne of paper produced.  One important reason for this is that waste generated in the manufacturing process is internally recycled without loss of quantity. 

Handmade paper production does not require large-scale  capital investment.  Economically, this is one of its biggest advantage in the Indian context.  It is clear from Figure 1  that capital intensity increases dramatically as the scale of production increases.  For large-scale integrated units it can cost up to US$ 1000 to add each extra tonne of capacity.  Adding capacity in handmade paper units costs only about half as much.  Handmade paper enjoys a similar advantage in employment generating potential.  Employment creation in a handmade paper unit requires only one tenths the capital required in a large-scale integrated unit.
 

Case Study : the TARA handmade paper production unit 

TARA (Technology and Action for Rural Advancement) is the technology marketing wing of Development Alternatives.  The strategy of the TARA handmade paper production unit of Development Alternatives is based on: 

i)   identification of unique market segments;

ii)  development of a complete technology package, including recycling, for handmade paper. 

The TARA handmade paper unit was commissioned in 1991 in the peri-urban area of Delhi.  It employs 35 women and seven men.  The key functions of paper manufacturing are performed by women.  The women operators have been given on-the-job training.  Productivity in the unit has increased from one to 4.5 tonnes per month, operating with eight-hour shifts. 

Encouraged by the economic success of this enterprise, TARA  is setting up a 16 tonne per month unit at Jhansi, in Central India.

Marketing Strategy 

Handmade paper production in India has been constrained by poor demand, which in turn has been limited because of poor marketing.  Efforts by the Government and its main village industry agency, KVIC, to promote the handmade paper industry have focused on production of office stationery articles and the creation of domestic demand.  This emphasis on domestic markets has led to the production primarily of paper and paper products which can, in fact, be  manufactured more efficiently and economically by the large paper mills.  This has made the hand-made paper industry appear uncompetitive. 

This need not be the case.  Handmade paper has its own unique selling propositions (USP), and TARA has demonstrated  the possibility of increasing production  capacity through technology development.  Only when market niches are properly designed, however, can handmade paper become an economically viable product. 

The handmade paper unit commenced production by committing a major share of its output to industrial users.  TARA was able to develop a high-quality black filter paper for India’s leading automotive filter manufacturer.  The aim was to produce chemical-free paper which had the correct strength characteristics to replace the aluminium end discs of the filter.  Other automotive filter manufacturers catering to the replacement market have followed suit.  TARA was also able to develop a high quality, zero-net-waste recycling system in which the waste generated during manufacture of sub-components is recycled.  The flow chart and details of the recycling system are shown in Figure 3. 

More recently, TARA has developed over 100 varieties of handmade paper using a wide choice of waste paper, rags, natural biomass mixtures, and agro-residues.
 

Process development 

Due to the flexibility of its manufacturing process, the TARA unit is able to devise the blend of materials and recipes for manufacturing handmade paper according to client needs and specifications.  Through this exercise, a large selection of papers of natural grades and shades (i.e. produced without chemical bleaching) has been developed using a variety of biomass materials such as straws, grasses and silk cotton.  This has been achieved with minimum use of chemicals and through mechanical pulping.  Each variety of paper is specified according to the process parameters to be controlled, which include pulp characteristics, and control of surface finish. 

Another important aspect of process development is the internal recycling of resources, especially water.  In a proposed scheme (Figure 4), water from intermediate processes such as pressing will be collected and reused in other operations.  The targeted consumption of water in proposed TARA units is 90 cubic metres per tonne of paper produced, compared with the existing level of 150 cubic metres.

Equipment development

The standard equipment available for handmade paper production was found to b inadequate, both in terms of performance and reliability.  The equipment development under-taken by Development Alternatives has resulted in higher productivity.
 

Quality control procedures 

Handmade paper will gain widespread acceptance only if it can be produced and delivered with a high level of consistency of quality and reproducibility between different lots.  Quality control is an even bigger problem for the handmade sector than for the rest of the paper industry.  Quality control procedures have largely  been ignored, leading to poor realization and a very high level of rejection.  the quality control procedures evolved by TARA lay down specifications for the purchase of raw materials, inspection procedures, and control of pulp parameters.  Acceptance procedures for pulp can ensure that the paper produced will be suitable for down line processes up to the finishing stage.
 

Future area of research 

The handmade paper industry can flourish by adding new capacity, by rejuvenation of existing units through technology inputs, and by development of specific market segments.  However, the sustained growth of handmade paper units will require further research in several key areas:
 

Raw materials 

Handmade paper production currently hinges on the availability of  cotton rags and waste paper.  Many other materials currently used only for blending could form a major component in the manufacture of paper.  Materials identified for active research are silk cotton (a type of tree cotton), banana fibre, straws and grasses.  These materials can easily be cultivated locally for paper production.
 

Environment-friendly processes 

The use of diverse materials will depend on the development of environment-friendly processes.  One area of research will  be the use of biotechnology, for example for the recovery of alpha-cellulose from different non-forest based materials, and for lignin removal using organisms like white-rot fungi.  The use of chemicals, and associated effluent disposal problems, could be avoided through use of bio-technological processes for digestion. 

Another area of research is the recovery of natural dyes for paper and printing links.  The use of natural dyes can increase the choice of colours, textures and finishes, besides leading to the creation of jobs involving, for example, block printing.
 

Skill development 

Handmade paper production requires close controls on thickness and weight, both of which have traditionally depended on exceptional operator skills.  Technology development will need to integrate methods for rapid skill development as a means of internal quality control.
 

Recycling partnership 

There is a large, unexplored wealth of waste cellulose materials and paper waste emanating from different industries.  Although systems exist for the recovery and recycling of major wastes, higher value addition can be achieved by internal recycling in the industries generating the waste.  This will require the creation of partnerships for integrating recycling technology with social objectives in an economically viable manner.  Such partnerships need to be researched, and their wide-scale acceptance amongst existing industries promoted.
 

Innovation production systems 

Handmade paper production is amenable to decentralization.  Through research, units based exclusively on local production of non-forest based raw materials can be planned.  Future small, decentralized units can easily be installed in rural areas, even areas with limited access to water and electricity.  The part of the production system that requires major capital investments, and may thus benefit from economies of scale, could be based in urban areas and integrated with the marketing system.
 

Conclusions

The case study of the TARA handmade paper unit demonstrates the importance of technology development in tandem with the development of markets.  Such effort have a potential to be widely replicated in a sustainable manner in decentralized production units.  Further research is needed in key areas such as technology (including that required for recycling), the training of employees, and marketing.  q

References  

1.         See N.J. Rao, Quarterly Journal of Indian Pulp and Paper Association, 1993, pp. 1-11.

2.         See R.S. Gora, K.L. Shah and P.K. chakravarty, Quarterly Journal of Indian Pulp and Paper Association Vol. 3 (4), 1993, pp.44-49.

The article was first published in the UNEP quarterly ‘Industry and Environment’ Vol. 17, No. 2, April-June, 1994. 

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